The cause of bladder cancer is not fully understood, but it is believed that smoking may greatly increase the chances of developing the disease. Non-smokers may be less likely to develop bladder cancer than smokers, but research is still being conducted to further understand the disease. Doctors may diagnose bladder cancer by performing a medical exam.

In the physical exam, the doctor may exam the patient's rectum or vagina. The doctor may also test the patient's urine for blood or cancer cells, or may perform a cystoscopy. In a cystoscopy, the doctor may use a small viewing instrument to examine the bladder and take tissue samples, which may be examined for cancer cells.

Symptoms of bladder cancer may include the presence of blood in the urine, pain during urination or the frequent urge to urinate. These symptoms may be signs of other conditions such as urinary tract infection, so examination by a doctor may be the most effective way to determine if the patient has bladder cancer.

Treating bladder cancer may be done in a number of ways. A doctor may be helpful in deciding on the appropriate course of action. Anti-cancer drugs such as chemotherapy may be used to treat bladder cancer. Additionally, a doctor may also recommend radiation or medicines that may improve the body's immune system.

Surgery to remove the cancer in the bladder may also be effective. Changes in diet and lifestyle habits may also support a cancer-free recovery.+ Depending on how much the cancer has grown, treatment options may vary on a patient-to-patient basis. Rarely is surgery to remove the bladder required. Regular checkups after undergoing treatment may be recommended to ensure that tumors do not reappear. In some cases, support groups or counseling may be effective in dealing with the emotional toll that comes with bladder cancer.

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